A List of Fallacious Arguments
I've seen lists like this before (and of course there's Wikipedia's reasonably comprehensive List of Cognitive Biases), but this list is probably one of the better ones I've seen, if only because it seems to have captured so many of the really awful arguments that people on the Internet especially seem to love using.
Here are some samples (listing these particular ones because, well, they annoy me a whole lot, and they seem oddly popular when people are arguing about anything autism-related):
Moving The Goalposts (Raising The Bar, Argument By Demanding Impossible Perfection):
if your opponent successfully addresses some point, then say he must also address some further point. If you can make these points more and more difficult (or diverse) then eventually your opponent must fail. If nothing else, you will eventually find a subject that your opponent isn't up on.
This is related to Argument By Question. Asking questions is easy: it's answering them that's hard.
It is also possible to lower the bar, reducing the burden on an argument. For example, a person who takes Vitamin C might claim that it prevents colds. When they do get a cold, then they move the goalposts, by saying that the cold would have been much worse if not for the Vitamin C.
Argument By Repetition (Argument Ad Nauseam):
If you say something often enough, some people will begin to believe it. There are some net.kooks who keeping reposting the same articles to Usenet, presumably in hopes it will have that effect.
Argument By Question:
Asking your opponent a question which does not have a snappy answer. (Or anyway, no snappy answer that the audience has the background to understand.) Your opponent has a choice: he can look weak or he can look long-winded. For example, "How can scientists expect us to believe that anything as complex as a single living cell could have arisen as a result of random natural processes?"
Actually, pretty well any question has this effect to some extent. It usually takes longer to answer a question than ask it.
Variants are the rhetorical question, and the loaded question, such as "Have you stopped beating your wife?"
Mostly I'm posting this here so I don't forget about the link -- I tend to find it easier to look up stuff on my own blog than, say, use bookmarks. But I figured some fellow readers who get really irritated when people are wrong on the Internet might appreciate it as well. =]
4 comments:
Argument By Question:
[citation needed]
;)
Hi Anne,
You might be interested in the "Fallacy Files":
http://www.fallacyfiles.org/taxonomy.html
-- Shane
I was going to post a link to a list of fallacies, but the taxonomy is even better.
Here are some rather funny images for some of these that a good friend of mine continues to put together for graphically pointing out the fallacy or fallacies in play in a discussion.
http://www.visi.com/~idsfa/logic.html
"How can scientists expect us to believe that anything as complex as a single living cell could have arisen as a result of random natural processes?"
This "natural" process is determined by the physical rules or laws of our universe.
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